The Economic Crisis in Greece Research Paper - 825 Words

The Economic Crisis in Greece (Research Paper Sample) Content: Economics Name:InstitutionThe Economic Crisis in GreeceThe economic crisis in Greece is one of the very disturbing economic situations the world has ever faced. Much analysis has been taken aimed at the economic situation in Greece. To most analysts, the situation in Greece goes way beyond economics. There exist several questions concerning the crisis in Greece that by looking at the economic aspect of it may not lead the nation to an amicable solution. The contents of this paper are anchored around a New York Times article, which looks at the situation in Greece. In this article, titled Greece's Economic and Political Traps written by Nikos Konstandaras and published on 26th October, 2014, many issues that complicates the Greek economic situation are discussed. Here, the author contemplates the reasons why it has taken too long to solve an economic situation that originally looked very simple. In the article, the writer asks if the bailouts offered by the European co mmission, the International Monetary Fund and the European Union were of any help to the development of Greece and the pullout of Greece from such a long economic crisis (New York Times, 2014). The article has as well included the report from the Julius Baer Groups September 2014 report which indicated the rise in Greece risk for poverty. The report indicates that severe deprivation in Greece from 27.6 percent in the year 2009 to 35.7 percent in the year 2014. These figures indicate a rise even after the bail out. What these figures further mean is that the crisis in Greece needed solutions not only through one point of view, but through critical analysis and evaluation of the situation (New York Times, 2014).On top of the gradual rise in the poverty levels, Greeks are as well faced with a debt crisis. A lot of non-performing loans keeps getting injected into the economy of Greece. This means the economy of Greece is having a massive pull down. More than one hundred percent of the GDP is consumed in debts. Basically, the social lives of most Greeks are predicted to go down. The middle class always stand at the center of growth in any economy. In fact, to boost their economies, most nations empower the middle class to produce more as the also empower the lower class dwellers to attain the middle class economic status. The situation in Greece is however different. Since the origin of the crisis, the middle class has been subjected to more taxation. In any case, the Greek government is imposing more poverty on its people (New York Times, 2014). These drastic changes in the economy have not left the political situation untouched. It is believed that parties on the extreme left and right fought hard for the bailout. The main reasons behind their fights were the gains that they would eventually get. Massive bailouts results negatively on government image. The opposition parties take this opportunity to topple the government Petrakis (2011). Some political parties such as the New Democracy, Pasok are trying to counter the instability, but they have been overwhelmed. The opposition parties give little hearing to the suffering of the citizens but more to their political ambitions. Social platforms such as domestic tourism have also faced a blow a great deal. There are many lessons that an economic student can learn about the economic situation in Greece. First is the genesis of the problem. The Greek economists seemed to have forgotten the economic trends of boom and recession. It is from this mess that Greece could not rise from recession. As a student who eyes a participation in the macro- economic trends, the lessons that I have leant in class especially in analysis of the economic trends seems to be very suitable when applied during the formulation and implementation of economic policies. Most economies, Greece aside, find themselves in economic situations due to ignorance to the economic trends. From economic lessons, we have been told sev erally that not all problems that arise from economic defaults need solutions emanating from the economic perspective. The crisis in Greece is an evident that an economic situation may sometime need other perspectives to solve (Petrakis, 2011).ReferencesLynn, M. (2010).Bust: Greece, the Euro and the sovereign debt crisis. Chichester: Wiley.New York Times. (2014). Greece's Economic and Political Traps. Retrieved:  HYPERLINK "/2014/10/27/opinion/greeces-economic-and-political-traps.html?_r=0" /2014/10/27/opinion/greeces-economic-and-political-traps.html?_r=0.Petrakis, P. (2011).The Greek Economy after the Crisis. (The Greek Economy and the Crisis) Berlin: Springer Berlin.Article UsedLink:  HYPERLINK "/2014/10/27/opinion/greeces-economic-and-political-traps.html?_r=1" /2014/10/27/opinion/greeces-economic-and-political-traps.html?_r=1Greece's Economic and Political TrapsATHENS Five years into the Greek crisis, it is becoming increasingly difficult to hope that it will end anytim e soon. Perhaps we expected too much: that the largest international bailout in history would help set the economy back on its feet within a couple of years; that we could put the problems that had brought us to the brink of bankruptcy behind us; that our political system would change, with new forces sweeping away incompetence and corruption.But it would take a revolution to overturn frameworks, mentalities and behaviors developed over decades. What we have had, instead, is a relentless devaluation at every level: Greek society has lost a great deal, and gained little in return. We are caught in two traps economic and political that combine to make escape seem impossible.For the past few years, Greece has been in the hole of austerity and recession. Our gross domestic product contracted by over a quarter between 2008 and 2013, with household wealth dropping by 23 percent since 2007, according to a September report produced by the Julius Baer Group. The percentage of Greeks at ris k of poverty or severe deprivation has climbed to 35.7 percent, from 27.6 percent in 2009.Consequently, more and more people are falling deep into debt, with over a billion euros in nonperforming loans being added each month to the bill (of at least 75 billion euros, or over 34 percent of all loans in August). Tax debts were at à ¢70.16 billion in September. Just as the economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s contraction has made public debt an unbearable 174.9 percent of G.D.P., the lack of credit and ever higher taxes have ravaged businesses, pushing unemployment up and keeping it high. (After six years of recession, the economy is expected to grow slightly this year.)The middle class has been devastated; it has borne the brunt of higher taxes but will not be able to do so for much longer. Apart from a small primary surplus (when loans and interest are not counted) and a surge in tourism, investments and production remain low. Greece managed to remain in the eurozone, but the longer austerity contin ues, the deeper the hole were in.The political trap is even more dangerous. The à ¢240-billion- bailout agreement with our creditors (the troika of the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund) did not consider the political and social implications of forcing major change on people while putting them under severe economic pressure. Most citizens tried to keep up but were overwhelmed, and opposition parties, particularly marginal ones on the extreme left and right, benefited from this discontent. Meanwhile, the parties in government were unable to revoke their past behavior and push through all the necessary reforms.Center-right New Democracy and center-left Pasok, in a coalition since elections in June 2012, have alternated in power for 40 years, and have shouldered the blame for past policies and also for the current, troika-mandated ones. With 155 seats in...

Problems, Solutions and Energy - Write a Problem-Solution Essay

<h1>Problems, Solutions and Energy - Write a Problem-Solution Essay</h1><p>'Problem-arrangement paper' is the right method to depict a plan of exposition composing. This is fundamentally the same as that which will be introduced by an ace. Truth be told, this diagram is commonly a blueprint of composing an all around organized research paper.</p><p></p><p>Problem-arrangement exposition begins with the idea of the understudy. The issue arrangement process starts with an issue. There is an issue, a thing that should be possible or an assignment. At the point when the understudy can take care of the issue, the person gets the duty to make answers for it.</p><p></p><p>There is another thought in the wake of taking care of the issue. This thought ought to be recognized from a hypothesis, an idea or a story. This is the thing that isolates the arrangement from that of a hypothesis. There are numerous understudy essayists who don't take this approach.</p><p></p><p>The following stage is to arrange the information. The information may remember the focuses for the exposition or the whole paper. When the information is sorted out, the understudy is prepared to think of and set up the remainder of the issue arrangement article. Indeed, when another thought has been perceived by the understudy, the whole paper will begin to come into place.</p><p></p><p>An significant piece of this procedure is to stay away from the issue. The understudy must stay in charge and permit their brain to think about the issue. The understudy ought not surrender until the individual in question concocts the arrangement. The understudy is never excessively far away from understanding the problem.</p><p></p><p>After concocting the arrangement, the person must portray the whole procedure. The portrayal should begin with the issue and end with the arrangement. Thi s is otherwise called an issue arrangement story. It is the key occasion and portrayal of a problem.</p><p></p><p>A significant piece of this procedure is the utilization of an answer as a novel research strategy. This is on the grounds that each thought has an issue joined to it.</p><p></p><p>A one of a kind research strategy is imperative to create. A solid character is required so as to encourage a more grounded vitality and progressively reasonable vitality density.</p>

Whatever They Told You About Problem Solution Essay Topics for High School Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

<h1> Whatever They Told You About Problem Solution Essay Topics for High School Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h1> <p>Students face a lot of relationship inconveniences. Guardians should screen their children's utilization of informal communication so as to protect them. Young people ought to be increasingly careful in the city. They have an extraordinary creative mind, however a large number of them don't know about this. </p> <h2> The Basic Facts of Problem Solution Essay Topics for High School</h2> <p>Students Assignment Help experts permit it to be certain that each graduate has the capacity to present his article before the cutoff time. Get the best issue arrangement exposition writingservices from the Students Assignment Help specialists on the off chance that you don't think of completely all alone. Images should be concentrated in workmanship classes since they're a cutting edge sort of craftsmanship. Understudies have occupied exis tences and regularly disregard a coming cutoff time. </p> <p>During the length of your scholarly profession, regardless of whether at school or college, you'll more likely than not need to compose a minumum of one issue arrangement paper. It isn't essential to us, regardless of whether you're excessively occupied at work focusing on an energy undertaking, or basically burnt out on an apparently vast stream of assignments. Take a gander at these school paper contemplations and get your inventive energies pumping as you accumulate a triumphant application for your dream school. To complete this progression, you should do a tad of research. </p> <h2>What Everybody Dislikes About Problem Solution Essay Topics for High School and Why </h2> <p>You ought to have your reasons, and our chief concern is that you end up getting an extraordinary evaluation. Talk about the manner by which the issue is being comprehended. In numerous occurrences, the issue is g iven to you as a brief and you should run over the absolute best arrangement (or arrangements). Right now, you need to concoct an extremely successful solution for the issue of dropouts and select solid contentions that can come to your meaningful conclusion of view increasingly reliable. </p> <p>This data is basic to make an ordinary representation of someone who dropouts and the key reasons that cause the entire issue. An overall one-youngster arrangement will help tackle the issue of overpopulation. Recognizing an issue and proposing at least one arrangements should be a pivotal part in your paper. </p> <p>If you are endeavoring to find your next extraordinary exposition subject, this guide is probably going to help you from multiple points of view. Regardless of your case may be, make certain every one of the body passages dissects an individual aspect of your subject. In the event that you have a few worries about an issue, and you might want to find answers for it, composing an article on such theme may be a decent method to do it. You'll realize what an issue and arrangement exposition is, the place you're ready to get models, what the absolute best structure is, the essentialness of unique subjects, and only a rundown of 101 new issue and arrangem ent paper themes. </p> <p>Otherwise, at that point the absolute first point to know is that you should start by review a scope of themes before picking one that is appropriate. End you simply make a review of the fundamental arguments and let your perusers comprehend what you believe is critical (or maybe wrap everything up with a solid proposal). At whatever point you have such a significant number of themes to talk about, pick what you're energetic about and it will be super-simple that you build up an impressive contention for it. It's frequently difficult to pick a decent subject at whatever point there are numerous prospects, in this manner we've ordered this superb assortment of eye catching issue arrangement exposition themes for you to choose from. </p> <p>It is conceivable to likewise discover an assortment of limits on our site which will assist you with saving some more cash for future requests or anything you need to spend them on. It is imperative to choose the most window fo r human services offices by the legislature to guarantee it is moderate for everyone. Controlling weapon deals diminishes the measure of passings because of guns. Self-driving vehicles diminish the risk of car crashes. </p> <p>You may even choose an accessible essayist to correspondence board, which offers a prompt correspondence between the writer and the client. Great rating and awesome surveys should disclose to you everything that you need to comprehend about this fantastic composing administration. Our client service will readily disclose to you whether there are any extraordinary proposals right now, along with ensure you are getting the absolute best assistance our organization may convey. Moreover, a client may solicit the essayist to submit part from the activity for audit and, if necessary, request that they make remedies. </p> <h2> The Lost Secret of Problem Solution Essay Topics for High School </h2> <p>The articles might be the most s ignificant components of your application. You cautiously make each area out of the paper until you have the underlying draft. Autocorrect understands the issue of messaging language in papers. A quick manual for the reasonable article format.</p> <p>Let's take a speedy look at probably the most entrancing issue arrangement exposition points for understudies that will help you recorded as a hard copy an article. The perfect method to see decisively what you need to do is to, obviously, read a minumum of one great issue arrangement article model. In like manner don't disregard to fuse a genuine case of the issue at the end of the section. Just investigate the resulting rundown of thoughts. </p>

What Everybody Dislikes About College Application Essay Topics List and Why

A Diagnostic Essay Writing Sample Is Essential

A Diagnostic Essay Writing Sample Is EssentialUsing a diagnostic essay writing sample is essential to help you practice writing your paper. It gives you a basis for the main subject of your essay, giving you an idea about what it will look like. By using this type of essay writing sample, you can better determine how to structure your essay and make a more well-rounded and interesting essay.A diagnostic essay is different from other types of essays in that it is very descriptive. It is very descriptive about your life. Diagnostic essays can be very insightful on a variety of subjects.It is important to write your diagnostic essay from the perspective of the person who has been diagnosed with the condition. The way you present the information in your essay will help you to relate your condition to the audience. You will also be able to illustrate your words by the way you are actually writing.There are certain elements to any diagnostic essay. First, you need to mention the main cause of your condition. You must also state the treatment that you have taken to alleviate the symptoms of your condition.Second, you need to give some examples of behaviors or actions that may be indicative of your condition, and then provide your conclusion about whether or not these actions are indicative of your condition. Finally, you must list any challenges that you face, such as losing employment, which can also be a cause of your condition. You must give specifics in your essay, so that the reader will be able to relate your problems to the problem you are having with your condition.If you are looking for a diagnostic essay writing sample, you should look for one that comes from a professional writing professor. Their sample usually includes many situations and ideas that have to do with diagnosing someone. A few of these situations include the fact that many doctors are going to be forced to take a look at patients in order to help them know what their diagnosis is, and how th e patient was diagnosed. They may also be asked to write a report on the problems that patients have encountered with the medication that they have been prescribed to help cure their illness.A diagnostic essay can also be written by a person who knows a lot about the subject matter that you are studying. For example, a chemistry student might write a chemistry diagnostic essay for a class project. This type of essay is really helpful because you can describe the concepts and important ingredients of the substance of your choice.Using a diagnostic essay writing sample can be an excellent help to a student who is just starting to study a particular subject. It can be a great tool in teaching the way that you study and write. You can use it for a student's report card, or for a college exam.

What is the Name of the Thing That Pops Up on the Top of a College Essay?

<h1>What is the Name of the Thing That Pops Up on the Top of a College Essay?</h1><p>What is the name of what springs up on the highest point of a school paper? All things considered, the term 'top' truly relies upon what point you are expounding on. How about we take a few models. After you read the models beneath, you'll have the option to choose if the term 'top' portrays your exposition topic.</p><p></p><p>Objective passage. This is the place you quickly depict what you did or found in the theoretical. A decent method to portray your experience is: 'It was a delightful day as I sat by the water and watched the winged animals flying by.'</p><p></p><p>Narrative passage. The way in to this passage is a story. Recount to your story utilizing appropriate sentence structure and a reasonable and all around characterized viewpoint. The activity of your story can be a basic sentence like 'Ralph and Mary became friends.'< /p><p></p><p>Comparison passage. In this model, utilize a similar subject of a subject to make a correlation. For instance, you can say 'The floor covering of his room was hung with pink and blue tulle; the TV was a three-d plasma model, with a superior quality satellite dish.' The image is educating the peruser regarding the shade of the rug and the TV.</p><p></p><p>Argumentation section. The way in to this section is to characterize your contention before clarifying it.</p><p></p><p>Explanation passage. In this model, you will utilize a nitty gritty depiction of the verification writings for the exposition. By offering this expression, you have just made your point.</p><p></p><p>Conclusion. Toward the finish of the paper, you will introduce your decision. Here, you will give insights concerning how your theme associates with different subjects in your general thesis.</p><p>< /p><p>List all the significant pieces of your exposition. These might be: The title, the presentation, the story, the account outline, the correlation, the contention and the end. Next, list all the principle subtleties of each piece of the essay.</p>

The Pain of Research Paper Topics 50 Ideas to Get Started

<h1> The Pain of Research Paper Topics 50 Ideas to Get Started </h1> <p>Before you start on your paper, you will need to get a top to bottom perception of what your educator expects out of your finished task, alongside an extremely awesome theme that it is conceivable to invest a decent arrangement of energy inquiring about. Expounding on is definitely not a straightforward thing, particularly in the event that you haven't the foggiest about what to expound on! For some understudies, the hardest system of paper composing is just finding a thought on what to compose on. Find intriguing realities you could upgrade your bit of composing. </p> <p>Our capable scholastic journalists have numerous long stretches of mastery. As an essayist, you should be extra mindful so as to not choose a point that is excessively broad, in this manner particularity is crucial. Endeavor to remember topics that you've just explored. </p> <h2> The Debate Over Research Paper Topics 50 Ideas to Get Started</h2> <p>How science has changed illicit drug use. You can continue and separation the examination into expressions to check at each angle definitely. See perceiving to what extent and research is required for every subject and in case you're constrained with time, think about narrowing down to look into paper points thoughts you may complete in the allocated time you have. Your examination will at long last have a stream. </p> <h2>The Fight Against Research Paper Topics 50 Ideas to Get Started </h2> <p>The absolute first thing that you should do when you're going to examine or expound on a theme is to consider a subject, a subject or only a report that you're enthusiastic about. In addition, you'll additionally should guarantee the subject is amazingly smoothed out towards a particular research issue. Without a doubt, it would be much simpler that you study the subject that is identified with the territory of your advantage. At the point when you pick an examination subject, make certain it is one which you comprehend and have a firm handle on. </p> <p>Needless to state, choosing the best possible theme for your examination paper is the absolute first and most basic advance on the most ideal approach to composing the paper itself. At the point when it has to do with discovering research paper subject thoughts you might want to ensure which you can compose on them easily. Whatever examination paper theme you select, make certain to truly can investigate it and demonstrate your point in the little amount of room you have. While you do look into, it's profoundly imperative to forestall the snare of feeling lost. </p> <p>Scientific archives have all the earmarks of being a very dull endeavor. Research papers are attempting, yet likewise they have the ability to be to some degree fulfilling. Research paper themes select an examination point. Research paper points on Bu siness will help you in discovering great proposals to make your exploration about. </p> <h2>The Principles of Research Paper Topics 50 Ideas to Get Started You Will have the option to Learn From Beginning Today </h2> <p>As you begin composing your exploration paper, you may experience the should reexamine your top research paper themes. Now and again, astounding examination paper themes are only the most effortless ones. Research paper subjects on Marketing will re-new your proposals and give a couple of significant insight on the likely points you could pick for your paper. Research paper subjects on English Literature will offer you new plans to use in your paper. </p> <p>If you're keen on your subject, finding out about it will be increasingly pleasurable and you'll compose with expanded energy, so select your point mindfully. Brain research is such a wide subject, so you wish to find a point that empowers you to sufficiently cover the subject without turning out to be overpowered with data. </p> <p>An contentious article expects you to pick a subject and have a situation on it. At the point when you have picked the subject, you ought to underline the limited course to which your article will be dedicated to. Any brain research theme you require, we have a recommendation for a brilliant paper.</p> <h2> Research Paper Topics 50 Ideas to Get Started: No Longer a Mystery</h2> <p>A expert will have the option to assist you with recognizing a mistake that you may have missed and assist you with accomplishing spotless, simple to-peruse duplicate that is sure to dazzle. In this manner, an exploration paper is a kind of work which plans to find some issue and give remarkable results. Another basic point to know is you have to utilize appropriate arrangement. </p> <p>In request to be effective, you should commit adequate amount of time to look into. In the event that you despite everything have issues with subject determination, don't stop for a second to demand help at GradeMiners. After you pick a particular subject, stage one is to form into an expert in the zone. At the point when it has to do with picking subjects for an exploration paper there are numerous decisions to choose from and you need something that is one of a kind while being able to create very much characterized subtleties. </p> <p>Locating a strong theme is only one of the most essential advances when composing any sort of paper. A magnificent layout has become the most huge advance recorded as a hard copy an incredible paper. In addition, particular and legitimate data will lure a lot of perusers. In the event that your subject is excessively expansive, you won't can center your paper since there is just a lot of information to cover. </p> <p>A extraordinary research paper involves nitty gritty data regarding your matter of decision. Pick the point you'd prefer to look into about in your work. Essentially require a significant stretch of time to discover progressively about the web for data before you settle on explore paper points and you may even find that great research paper subjects will be additionally fascinating to compose on. Picking subjects for examine papers can take some second, and here are two or three different ways to assist you with choosing the one which is simply great. </p>

AP Language and Composition Exam - Learn How to Cram and Study For Exams

<h1>AP Language and Composition Exam - Learn How to Cram and Study For Exams</h1><p>You might have the option to catch up on your AP Language and Composition Exam Essay Sample inquiries ahead of time with the goal that you can concentrate adequately during the test. Be that as it may, in the event that you will be packing a lot before the test, you may find that you aren't getting as much profit by the packing and consequently will be unable to concentrate enough to score a passing grade.</p><p></p><p>If you are taking the AP Language and Composition Exam, at that point chances are acceptable that you have just taken various school level courses, including American or English Composition. Numerous undergrads who are taking this test additionally don't mean to go on to a Ph.D. program. In this manner, numerous understudies regularly concentrate for these tests with just broad rules and get a thought of what's in store during the test, however don't generally have the principal information they should be a solid and steady candidate.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to figure out how to take the most ideal tests is to do as such with an AP Language and Composition Exam that are near your significant subject. On the off chance that you are taking the AP French test, for instance, you can expect the test inquiries to be fundamentally the same as those found on the AP French test. In the event that you are taking the AP Spanish test, you will locate similar sorts of test AP Spanish inquiries to use as well.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand, on the off chance that you are taking the AP Latin test, your past language will affect your last paper. In this way, you ought to consistently read for the past language you will be tried on. Much the same as with English, you will be tried on your composing abilities just as on the cognizance and sentence grammar.</p><p></ p><p>You should utilize an assortment of training test inquiries to assist you with your composition and comprehension of the specific dialects and territories of study you are taking a gander at. On the off chance that you can't discover these sorts of training test questions, there are a lot of assets online that can support you. In actuality, there are many sites that offer free practice test questions, alongside connections to various destinations that offer full practice tests online.</p><p></p><p>Of course, most definitely, composing for the AP Language and Composition Exam is fundamentally the same as writing in some other kind of article. You should in any case set aside some effort to figure a convincing thought and research the specific theme close by. After you have done that, you can generally enhance your composition with extra supporting data that will assist you with increasing additional focuses on your test.</p><p></p& gt;<p>Writing about a specific theme, for example, the AP Language and Composition Exam, requires the author to do some fundamental research. Without it, you won't have the option to carry your peruser into a similar kind of world that you are living in. By doing research and adding your own musings to the discoveries, you will have the option to keep in touch with a high standard.</p><p></p><p>Take favorable position of the entirety of the example test inquiries in the classification that relates to your particular language and regions of study. Use them as a manual for help you during the time spent reading for the AP Language and Composition Exam. All things considered, a capacity to compose well is just the initial step to accomplishment in college.</p>

Whispered How to Star Writing an Essay Secrets

<h1> Whispered How to Star Writing an Essay Secrets </h1> <p>There are an unbounded number of procedures to begin an exposition viably. There are, moreover, some essential advances required to start a paper as an approach to keep the exposition engaged, sorted out and sensible. There are different types of articles you could be mentioned to write in rudimentary, center or higher school. A completely clear methodology is fundamental to composing a prosperous powerful exposition. </p> <p>There are an interminable number of techniques to start an extraordinary paper. You should pick which thoughts ought to be incorporated and which ought to be disposed of. The accompanying recommendations will lead you on the most ideal approach to compose an extraordinary presentation for the graphic article. You may make one of a kind classes, and spot your thoughts inside them. </p> <h2> Finding the Best How to Star Writing an Essay</h2> <p>You see, the shows of English papers are to some degree more predictable than you may might suspect and, from numerous points of view, it very well may be as simple as tallying to five. In case you're in school, your instructor or educator may give you a theme. Papers are commonly not long, in this way it's no genuine amazement that educators would allot a lot of them to compose. Perhaps you live in a couple of miles of a school that gives non-credit language courses accessible several nighttimes for every week. </p> <p>Sometimes, many individuals discover them overpowering however should you break the creative cycle into little pieces and endeavor to complete your draft bit by bit, you can expect you are going to feel progressively certain and work all the more beneficially. While each segment of an exposition is crucial, it is important to know that it's in the acquaintance where perusers get with pick whether they should peruse the rest of your creation or not. You can likewise look for tips for thoroughly analyze article composing which you can find on line. The absolute initial phase recorded as a hard copy an enticing exposition really happens before you start drafting. </p> <p>In request to see how to start a look into exposition an individual should initially know the exact paper necessities. Look into papers can be very captivating yet testing. For example, a why us article may talk about how fascinating XYZ interdisciplinary venture is and the manner in which it fits pleasantly with your senior undertaking. The unmistakable exposition is composed to discover the peruser to understand by using an elucidating language. </p> <p>Each body passage will have the indistinguishable standard structure. All things considered, there are a wide range of approaches which can help you making a high phenomenal paper. After you set the request, an expert in the particular scholarly field will be doled out your paper and the directions you have furnished us with. You may need to establish a connection of skill in the region by utilizing particular or specialized language. </p> <p>Our surveys contain data like the score of the customers, our rating, beginning costs, Discounts, and bore of the papers. Consider how regularly you begin perusing a report and don't peruse a line or two since you dispose of intrigue only that fast.</p> <p>Ask three novel specialists what an individual exposition is and you will probably find three interesting solutions. Check various articles on our blog at which you can find a rundown of the best pugnacious paper points for understudies. In certain occasions, a theme may as of now be provided. At the point when you have decided the reason, you'll have to do a little research on subjects which you find fascinating. </p> <p>You will be ready to relate different thoughts with each other and in the process build up an astounding point explanation. At the point when you view your examination question, there are various thoughts that spring in your psyche, and it's basic that you note them down. In any case, in case you're not given a theme, you will need to make yourself. On the off chance that you haven't been doled out a subject, you have more work to do. </p>

Cheap Essay Writing Service - Finding One That Works

<h1>Cheap Essay Writing Service - Finding One That Works</h1><p>So, you are attempting to search for a modest paper composing administration Canada however what you have to do is comprehend what you have to search for. Because a help doesn't cost a lot, doesn't imply that they are the best.</p><p></p><p>A part of organizations do charge a smidgen to make short articles for customers however not to the degree that you will be worried about this later on. On the off chance that you need your articles to be one of a kind and sell them, at that point you should have an imaginative energy. This will come through on the work that you do.</p><p></p><p>The peruser will get a vibe of your composing capacity from the manner in which you compose and not from how modest you charge. You have to truly make it worth their time and energy to enlist you.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you ought to do is locat e a modest article composing administration that has been around some time. They will have involvement with making work and this experience should show when they are at the work place. Ensure that they have the correct mentality and are very professional.</p><p></p><p>One of different things that you ought to be searching for in a composing administration is the thing that their rates are. This is something that you have to discover on the net so you can look at it. In the event that you get great rates, at that point you can complete more work and keep a not too bad progression of salary coming in.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise need to see whether they are appropriately protected. The exact opposite thing that you will need to do is review an article and end losing cash. Check the kind of protection that they are using.</p><p></p><p>It is likewise imperative to perceive what past work they have done. This will give you a feeling of what sort of essayist they are. You additionally need to perceive what number of articles they have composed previously with the goal that you know whether this is an organization that is probably going to give you the activity that you need done.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous things that you can do when you are searching for a modest exposition composing administration. Discovering one that is completely safeguarded, legitimate and can get you the work that you need done can be an extraordinary start.</p>

Sample Essay For Motivation

Sample Essay For MotivationSample Essay For Motivation - FOMAT is an acronym for Filling Out the Meta Form and Writing an Essay. You need to fill out the Meta Form on this site and then write your essay. The essay is a guide or synopsis of your academic achievements or your career history. There are a few things that I will say about FOMAT.First of all, there is no reason to use FOMAT as a sample essay when you are applying for scholarships. You can use FOMAT as a sample essay for any other topic. This is like a dummy essay that you can use, if you are applying for a scholarship for example. If you want to apply for a scholarship, you will be asked to give your own opinion on a specific topic. Using FOMAT as a dummy is fine, but do not use it as a basis for the award you will receive.Second, when you use the fomat as a sample essay for motivation, you should put effort into developing the essay. Do not just write it up in one sitting and submit it. You have to be consistent. You must continue to write, even after the deadline for submission has passed.Third, FOMAT is not a bible. It is not a reference book and you are not required to use all of the information in the sample essay. If you do not feel comfortable using a certain idea or using certain phrases, do not use it.Fourth, the essay should be informative and not overbearing. Think of FOMAT as a short story, and not a long narrative essay. That is why there is no essay for motivation.Fifth, you cannot use the sample essay as a guide for a long dissertation. FOMAT is for a short paragraph, not a dissertation. Also, if you have a dissertation and would like to use FOMAT as a guide, you should also use some of the same terminology. You may want to use a different example from FOMAT than a particular example in your dissertation.Sixth, using FOMAT as a sample essay for motivation is not as effective as using it as a sample essay for any other topic. You will not be expected to use the same examples from FOMAT in your other essays.Seventh, please do not use FOMAT as a template for any other sample essay, such as for an essay for the MLA or APA. If you are going to use the FOMAT samples as a reference for any other kind of essay, make sure to use it for that one essay.

Essay on How to Overcome Failure For College

Essay on How to Overcome Failure For CollegeAre you asking yourself the same question I am, is there an essay on how to overcome failure for college? My answer is yes.However, I would suggest that instead of writing a high school teacher would want to find a student that is already engaged in an extracurricular activity that is really important to them. You may not think you will find this student but when you find this student for the lesson you have to teach him/her will be a perfect illustration of how to overcome failure for college.College is all about opportunities and success. The opportunity you have now is because of your efforts. You did not get rich from it but it was just a matter of putting in the effort that will give you what you want.What I like to do when I am writing a college essay on how to overcome failure for college is to use the example of a very successful person that I know. You can go through his/her experiences to find out what they are doing to succeed in life and college.So what I like to do is have my student read the chapter of an essay that I wrote about how to overcome failure for college. Then I will give them an example of someone that we both know that has the same achievements in life and college. This will be an example of someone who is making the right decisions and doing the right things.Now I ask them to relate this to their own story so that we can have an explanation to the difference between the two stories. The best essay on how to overcome failure for college will be based on both experiences.Although writing this essay is challenging, I always enjoy it and have learned a lot about my students doing it. Plus you will get to know more about yourself by seeing the example of a successful person that you are going to emulate. So by writing an essay on how to overcome failure for college you will learn so much more than just writing down answers to a test.

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Samples of Analysis and Interpretation Essay and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Samples of Analysis and Interpretation Essay and Why You Must Take Action Today Swiggy and other food shipping service have to maintain their health standards and produce cleanliness and freshness a priority. If you're confident in regards to the target audience and their needs that your goods is supposed to meet, the probabilities of going bankrupt are much lower. The common satellite imagery expert seeking to do any form of time-series analysis has numerous preparatory steps they need to take before beginning. In the event you want to find expert aid with business analysis for your software development project, don't hesitate to speak to us at any moment and with any questions. The Do's and Don'ts of Samples of Analysis and Interpretation Essay Effective analysts are usually adept with an assortment of numerical methods. Secondly, cohort analysis is tough to use to generate actionable insight. Growth Accounting will be able to help you understand if you're effectively retaining or resurrecting your customer for effective growth or whether you're facing a headwind with regard to growth due to churn. If you're still hesitating about conducting business analysis for your project development, there's absolutely no fantastic reason to get doubts. The majority of them also reside in extreme poverty conditions. There are an assortment of cognitive biases that may adversely impact analysis. In the principal analysis phase analyses targeted at answering the research question are performed in addition to any other relevant analysis necessary to compose the very first draft of the research report. Interpretation is the procedure of earning feeling of numerical data which has been collected, analyzed, and presented. Correlation It lets you understand the connection between two sets of information so as to recognize a potential pattern. The offline advertising and marketing strategy also has the usage of billboards and bus stickers. Analysis Ready Data ought to be processed all of the way to surface reflectance, so people don't have to provide their very own atmospheric correction. To earn a model you first require training data. Such data problems can likewise be identified through many different analytical methods. Data interpretation a part of day-to-day life for the majority of people. The poem is hopeful as it is an older person remembering the liberty of youth. Dreams are tough to measure or scientifically test since they are a part of our subconscious. My dreams began to occur approximately the exact moment. The Basic Facts of Samples of Analysis and Interpretation Essay To make it simpler for you to compose a vital analysis essay, we've got a very helpful analysis writing template that will direct you through the most crucial points. The aim is to use the huge picture to enter the details so that you can create your SWOT as relevant to your business as possible. You've got to comprehend which type of an article you're going to work with, which means you can produce a perfect tone and format of your upcoming essay. The detail of codes compl etely is dependent on your research question and that which you're attempting to get out from the data. The Fundamentals of Samples of Analysis and Interpretation Essay You Can Benefit From Beginning Right Away Similarly you may make the Goal Seek function to find the last outcome of information compilation. Simply, the target of vibration analysis is to prevent equipment fails. All are varieties of information analysis. Sample statistics are point estimatesfor the population parameters, in the event the sample is an excellent representative of the populace. The frequency distribution delivers additional information past the mean, because it allows for examining the degree of consensus among the data. The inventory table is extremely based on the range of attributes and granularity that can be gotten from source systems, whilst inventory variation table may be construed as a consolidation of multiple events.

Essay about Relationships in Shakespeares As You Like It

Relationships in As You Like It Pronounce that sentence on me, my liege. I cannot live out of her company(Shakespeare quoted in Norton Anthology 1611). Who made these remarks about the dear Rosalind, was it Celia, the one whom she calls coz, or is Orlando the man that she is in love with? The question then becomes if Celia said these words what was her meaning. Is it that Celia is attracted to Rosalind as more than a friend or is this just an example of the female friendships of the time? This is a look at the different dynamics of relationships during the Renaissance. Those relationships of female friends, male bonding and homoeroticism in As You Like It. During the Renaissance the friendship between females†¦show more content†¦One can see the intense friendship that Celia and Rosalind share in the passage when Celia agrees that Rosalind does have a good reason to cry. The bond that is between female friends is analogous to the autonomy valorized in ideal male friendships (Shannon 658). Celia and Rosalinds friendship can also be example of the phenomenon of female friendship. The phenomenon of the female friendship that is so elusive in the writings of the Renaissance appears as an extraordinary dramatic effect, linking marriage and tyranny and enhancing the otherwise familiar disapprobation towards the absolute power of the patriarchal society (Shannon 658). The bonding between males is something that is not an obvious in the writings of the Renaissance as other types of relationships. It has been noted that the structures of a patriarchal society have an obligatory homosexuality built in the male dominated kinship systems (Sedgwick 3). It is apparent in As You Like It that there is a bond between Adam and Orlando. The question is whether this bond is that of male bonding, master/servant, or homoerotic. The relationship really cant be categorized as homosexual because at no point in the play is there any actions taken in that manner. In Act 2 scene 3 Adam and Orlando are discussing Orlandos money issues. Adam offers his support in lines 39-41: But do not so. I have five hundredShow MoreRelated Variety of Love Relationships in Shakespeares As You Like It4426 Words   |  18 PagesThe Variety of Love Relationships in Shakespeares As You Like It  Ã‚   One of the main concerns of man throughout the centuries has probably been to define the concept of love and to understand the complexities that govern love relationships among people. William Shakespeare seems to have been fully aware of the need and interest in love, since his work transcends time and place. Love is the central concern in As You Like It. This comedy presents different attitudes towards love, whichRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 Pagesis an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.   He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.   Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.   Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare†™s The Tempest because he interprets it from the perspective of the colonized andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s View Of Love1426 Words   |  6 PagesI have chosen to write about what seems to be Shakespeare’s view of love in poems. Shakespeare had ways of including hidden meaning and messages that many people do not even know today because they do not understand or it is unfound. Although it difficult at times to understand the messages that Shakespeare was trying to convey, we still get a good sense of what the overall main idea of his poems are which has to do mostly with love. According to Shakespeare-online, Herford writes, â€Å"Although loveRead MorePsychoanalytic Ideas And Shakespeare By Inge Wise And Maggie Mills1420 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare, Freud’s work on the psychological works on Shakespeare in general are used throughout the book . The authors focus on psychopathic fiction characters in six plays Hamlet, Macbeth, twilight nights, King Lear, and the Tempest. The book when you read the reviews and the induction of the book is very misleading, the book should be called interpretations of other authors who have a written on the psychoanalytic some of Shakespeare s major plays. Whenever Mill and Wise that would give theirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Poetry Of Love1612 Words   |  7 Pages(Romeo and Juliet 2.2 1-3). As you are aware this session will focus on the poetry of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was a world-renowned poet and playwright. Shakespeare had a romantic heart and his poetry is shaped by love. His poems usually depict the passion and sacredness of relationships. By comparing two poems from William Shakespeare it is shown how he has been able to articulate the poetic theme of love. This seminar will analyze and explore two of Shakespeare’s poems focusing on the particularRead MoreSocial Interactions in Shakespeare’s As You Like It, Hancock’s The Blind Side and Shaun Tan’s The Lost thing1122 Words   |  5 PagesSocial interactions are an essential part of all relationships; they are the determining factor of one’s perceptions of the world around them as well as their own identity. This idea is presented in uniquely an array of texts including, William Shakespeare’s As You Like It, Shaun Tan’s The Lost Thing and The Blind Side produced by John Lee Hancock. Society and its expectations can make a significant impact on one’s ability to fit in to an environment. Some individuals’ however challenge society andRead MoreIncetuous Relationship : Incestuous Relationships In Shakespeares Time758 Words   |  4 PagesIncestuous Relationships in Shakespeare’s Time Incest-- sexual relations between people who are too closely related to marry each other. Incestuous marriage became a debatable topic in the 1600’s, and is an evident part of Shakespeare’s playwrights. Many of his characters were involved in incest throughout the plots. William Shakespeare alludes to his disagreement with incest in many of his playwrights. Over half of Shakespeare’s playwrights involve an incestuous relationship that leads to deathRead MoreAnalysis : Shake And Stir Theatre Company1620 Words   |  7 Pagescompelling theatrical voice which aspires to render Shakespeare’s plays to appease modern audiences. However, William Shakespeare penned his last play 400 years ago; despite this, his plays and sonnets are as alive today as they were in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Shakespeare’s plays still appeal to modern society because of the universality of the dramatic themes- desire, domestic relationships, the complications of love and p ower struggles in relationships - humans still experience these emotions andRead MoreShakespeare Gender Stereotypes1049 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Gender Stereotypes to Shakespeare’s Plays Imagine living in Shakespeare’s time, when expectations were held at a higher standard for both men and women. A time when what gender you were dictated what you could and could not do. Male supremacy ruled the world, and therefore women were subjected, â€Å"‘To suckle fools and chronicle small beer.’† (Othello 2.1.132) This means that the woman’s only responsibilities in life was to nurse her children and take care of her home. These kinds of genderRead MoreShake And Stir By William Shakespeare1234 Words   |  5 PagesShake and Stir Responding Task Shake and Stir Theatre Company is a compelling theatrical voice which aspires to render Shakespeare’s plays to appease modern audiences. However, William Shakespeare penned his last play 400 years ago; despite this, his plays and sonnets are as alive today as they were in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Shakespeare’s plays still appeal to modern society because of the universality of the dramatic themes- love, deceit, political endorsement, honour, ambition and courage-

Economic History of Cambodia free essay sample

Economic history of Cambodia Cambodia was a farming area in the first and second millennia BCE. States in the area engaged in trade in the Indian Ocean and exported rice surpluses. Complex irrigation systems were built in the 9th century. The French colonial period left the large feudal landholdings intact. Roads and a railway were built, and rubber, rice and corn grown. After independence Sihanouk pursued a policy of economic independence, securing aid and investment from a number of countries. Bombing during the Vietnam War damaged rice production. Lon Nol had a policy of liberalising the economy.This was followed by the victory of the Khmer Rouge and the emptying of the cities. After the defeat of the Khmer Rouge, a Five Year Plan was adopted, aiming to improve agriculture, industry and distribution, with a slogan of export and thrift. Today, Cambodia remains a largely agricultural economy and industrial development is slow. Wartime economy, 1970-75 The war that engulfed the rest of Indochina spread to Cambodia in April 1970, shortly after the coup that deposed Prince Sihanouk. Wartime conditions had a major impact on the countrys economy, especially on the export sector. Production and export of virtually all commodities dropped sharply, as insecurity spread throughout the countryside. Intense combat in the nations most densely populated farming areas caused a large segment of the peasant population to flee to cities and to towns. By 1975 the population of Phnom Penh had swollen to 2 million, from just 50,000 in 1955. Moreover, the war seriously dislocated the economic system. Food shortages arose as insurgents interrupted the transportation of crops from the countryside to the main marketing centers.Increasing budgetary expenditures, skyrocketing inflation, shrinking export earnings, and a rising balance-of-payments deficit plagued the war-torn economy. The wars most damaging effect was on rice production. In 1972 Cambodia needed to import rice (from Japan and from Thailand) for the first time since independence. Fighting reduced the amount of land under rice cultivation to fewer than 800,000 hectares in 1972, far less than the approximately 3 million hectares that had been under cultivation in 1969. The 1972 rice harvest amounted to only 26. percent of the 1969 harvest. Exports of natural rubber, the countrys second leading foreign-exchange earner, ceased shortly after hostilities began in 1970. The war destroyed extensive rubber plantations and damaged rubber-processing facilities. In late 1970, Lon Nol, who succeeded Sihanouk, continued to liberalize the economy in an effort to save the country from economic disaster. This endeavor was a continuation of the policies he had enacted as head of the government of national salvation in August 1969.Under Lon Nols direction, Phnom Penh limited the control and the authority of the state export-import agency (Societe nationale dexportation et dimportation—SONEXIM), which had been established in 1964 to administer foreign trade, to denationalize banks and industries, to encourage private foreign investments, and to allow greater private participation in the economy. The new economic policies of the Khmer Republic gradually reversed the pattern of state socialism that had formed the keystone of Sihanouks domestic policies.On October 29, 1971, the government implemented a comprehensive program of reforms to stabilize the economy. These reforms included increased import taxes on all nonessential commodities; increased interest rates on bank deposits and on commercial loans; elimination of credit to state enterprises and to public utilities; introductio n of a flexible currency exchange system; and simplification of the import system to facilitate the movement of goods. The emphasis of the program was to restore monetary stability in the face of rising inflation, financial speculation, black markets, and other economic problems caused by the war.In a change of policy, the government also moved toward greater involvement with international and with regional organizations and sought support from the World Bank (see Glossary), the International Monetary Fund (see Glossary), and the Asian Development Bank. As the war progressed, Lon Nols government aimed major economic measures mainly at improving the overall food supply situation and at maintaining public confidence in the continued availability of essential consumer items. To ensure adequate domestic supplies, in November 1971 Phnom Penh suspended grants of export licenses for major export commodities, such as rice, corn, and cattle.Although the move helped maintain stocks of essential commodities in the capital and in provincial centers, supplies were small relative to demand. The Lon Nol government had earlier declared in principle that it maintained a policy of strict neutrality and would accept foreign assistance from all countries which love peace and justice. As early as April 20, 1970, Cambodia formally requested military and economic aid from Washington to help cope with growing war expenditures and with an increasing budgetary deficit. As military activity in the country intensified, the United States became Cambodias larg est donor and supplier.Moscow, however, sent medical equipment and, in October 1971, the Soviets renewed a financial agreement with the republican regime. The Economic Support Fund, to which the United Nations (UN), the United States, Britain, Japan, New Zealand, Thailand, and Malaysia pledged their contributions, provided US$21 million in auxiliary relief. Other nations, including Italy, Israel, West Germany, and Switzerland, provided funds mostly to assist war victims. France earmarked its aid for the maintenance of French educational programs and cultural institutions. Nevertheless, these palliative measures fell far short of what was needed.By 1975 the economy had collapsed, and the country was surviving mainly on imported food financed by the United States government. Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 Under the leadership of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia underwent a brutal and radical revolution. When the communist forces took power in Phnom Penh in April 1975, their immediate goals were to overhaul the social system and to revitalize the national economy. The economic development strategy of the Khmer Rouge was to build a strong agricultural base supported by local small industries and handicrafts.As explained by Deputy Premier Ieng Sary, the regime was pursuing radical transformation of the country, with agriculture as the base. With revenues from agriculture we are building industry which is to serve the development of agriculture. This strategy was also the focus of a doctoral thesis written by future Khmer Rouge leader Khieu Samphan at the University of Paris in 1959. Samphan argued that Cambodia could only achieve economic and industrial development by increasing and expanding agricultural production.The new communist government implemented the tenets of this thesis; it called for a total collectivization of agriculture and for a complete nationalization of all sectors of the economy. Strict adherence to the principle of self-reliance constituted the central goal of the Khmer Rouge regime. A Phnom Penh radio broadcast in early May (about a month after the Khmer Rouge arrived in the capital) underscored the importance of Cambodian self- reliance and boasted that during the war the Khmer Rouge had used scrap iron and wrecked military vehicles to manufacture their own bullets and mines.The statement made it clear that the policy of self-reliance would continue in peacetime. In another move aimed at reducing foreign influence on the country, the regime announced on May 10 that it would not allow foreigners to remain in Cambodia but that the measure was only temporary; and it added, We shall reconsider the question [of allowing foreigners to enter the country] after the re-establishment of diplomatic, economic and commercial relations with other countries. Although Cambodia resumed diplomatic relations with a number of nations, the new government informed the UN General Assembly on October 6, 1975, that it was neutral and economically self-sufficient and would not ask for aid from any country. On September 9, however, the Chinese ambassador arrived in Cambodia, and there were soon reports that China was providing aid to the Khmer Rouge. Estimates of the number of Chinese experts in Cambodia after that time ranged from 500 to 2,000.The policy of self-reliance also meant that the government organized the entire population into forced-labor groups to work in paddies and on other land to help the country reach its goal of food self-sufficiency. The Khmer Rouge, as soon as it took power on April 17, 1975, emptied Phnom Penh (of its approximately 2 million residents) as well as other cities and towns, and forced the people into the countryside.This overnight evacuation was motivated by the urgent need to rebuild the countrys war-torn economy and by the Khmer Rouge peasantrys hostility toward the cities. According to a Khmer Rouge spokesman at the French embassy on May 10, the evacuation was necessary to revolutionize and to purify the urban residents and to annihilate Phnom Penh, which Cambodian peasants regarded as a satellite of foreigners, first French, and then American, and which has been built with their sweat without bringing them anything in exchange. The only people who were not ordered to leave the city were those who operated essential public services, such as water and electricity. Other Khmer Rouge leaders rationalized the evacuation as a matter of self-reliance. They told the Swedish ambassador in early 1976 t hat they didnt have any transportation facilities to bring food to the people, and so the logical thing was to bring the people to the food, i. e. , to evacuate them all and make them get out into the ricefields. Indeed, when the evacuees reached their destinations, they were immediately mobilized to clear land, to harvest rice crops, to dig and restore irrigation canals, and to build and repair dikes in preparation for the further expansion of agriculture. The rice crop in November 1976 was reported to be good in relation to earlier years. At the same time, plantations producing cotton, rubber, and bananas were established or rehabilitated. While the Khmer Rouge gave high priority to agriculture, it neglected industry.Pol Pot sought to consolidate and perfect [existing] factories, rather than to build new ones. About 100 factories and workshops were put back into production; most of them (except a Chinese-built cement plant, a gunnysack factory, and textile mills in Phnom Penh and in Batdambang) were repair and handicraft shops revived to facilitate agricultural development. Cambodias economic revolution was much more radical and ambitious than that in any other communist country.In fact, Khmer Rouge leader Premier Ieng Sary explained that Cambodia wanted to create something that never was before in history. No model exists for what we are building. We are not imitating either the Chinese or the Vietnamese model. The state or cooperatives owned all land; there were no private plots as in China or in the Soviet Union. The constitution, adopted in December 1975 and proclaimed in January 1976, specifically stated that the means of production were the collective property of the state (see Democratic Kampuchea, 1975- 78, ch. 1). The Cambodian economic system was unique in at least two respects. First, the government abolished private ownership of land. The Khmer Rouge believed that, under the new government, Cambodia should be a classless society of perfect harmony and that private ownership was the source of egoist feelings and consequently social injustices. Second, Cambodia was a cashless nation; the government confiscated all republican era currency. Shops closed, and workers received their pay in the form of food rations, because there was no money in circulation.On August 12, 1975, fewer than four months after the Khmer Rouge had taken power, Khieu Samphan claimed that, within a year or two, Cambodia would have sufficient food supplies and would be able to export some of its products. To achieve this goal in record time, large communes comprising several villages replaced village cooperatives, which had formed in the areas controlled by the Khmer Rouge in 1973 and which had spread throughout the count ry by 1975. Unlike China and Vietnam, which had introduced collectivization gradually over several years, Cambodia imposed the system hastily and without preparation.The Khmer Rouge, in line with the slogan, If we have dikes, we will have water; if we have water, we will have rice; if we have rice, we can have absolutely everything, organized the workers into three forces. The first force comprised unmarried men (ages fifteen to forty) who were assigned to construct canals, dikes, and dams. The second force consisted of married men and women who were responsible for growing rice near villages. The third force was made up of people forty years of age and older who were assigned to less arduous tasks, such as weaving, basket-making, or watching over the children.Children under the age of fifteen grew vegetables or raised poultry. Everyone had to work between ten and twelve hours a day, and some worked even more, often under adverse, unhealthy conditions. On September 27, 1977, in a major speech celebrating the anniversary of the Kampuchean (or Khmer) Communist Party (KCP—see Appendix B), Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot asserted that, Our entire people, our entire revolutionary army and all our cadres live under a collective regime through a communal support system. He then listed the governments achievements in rebuilding the economy and concluded that, Though not yet to the point of affluence, our peoples standard of living has reached a level at which people are basically assured of all needs in all fields. Measuring the economic performance of the Khmer Rouge regime was impossible because statistics were not available, and no monetary transactions or bookkeeping were carried out. The economic life described by foreign diplomats, by Western visitors, and by Cambodian refugees in Thai camps ranged from spartan to dismal.Phnom Penh became a ghost town of only about 10,000 people. There were no shops, post offices, telephones, or telegraph services. Frequent shortages of water and of electricity occurred in all urban areas, and the government prohibited movement across provincial borders, except for that of trucks distributing rice and fuel. Conditions in the cooperatives varied considerably from place to place. In some areas, cooperative members had permission to cultivate private plots of land and to keep livestock. In others, all property was held communally.Conditions were most primitive in the new economic zones, where city dwellers had been sent to farm virgin soil and where thousands of families lived in improvised barracks (see Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-78 , ch. 1). Cambodia made progress in improving the countrys irrigation network and in expanding its rice cultivation area. Phnom Penh radio claimed that a network of ditches, canals, and reservoirs had been constructed throughout the country like giant checkerboards, a phenomenon unprecedented in the history of our Cambodia. Still, rice production and distribution were reported to be unsatisfactory. Rice harvests were poor in 1975 and 1978, when the worst floods in seventy years struck the Mekong Valley. Even after the better harvests of 1976 and 1977, however, rice distribution was unequal, and the government failed to reach the daily ration of 570 grams per person. (The daily ration of rice per person actually varied by region from 250 to 500 grams. ) Party leaders, cadres, soldiers, and factory workers ate well, but children, the sick, and the elderly suffered from malnutrition and starvation.There also were reports that the government was stockpiling rice in preparation for war with Vietnam and exporting it to China in exchange for military supplies. This diverted rice could have been one explanation for the peoples meager rice ration. At the end of 1978, when Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia, the ensuing turbulence completely disrupted the nations economic activity, particularly in the countryside, which once again became a war theater traversed by a massive population movement. Agricultural production was again a major casualty, with the result that there was a severe food crisis in 1979.Economic role of the Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party After the fall of Pol Pot and the establishment of the Peoples Republic of Kampuchea in January 1979, the Kampuchean (or Khmer) Peoples Revolutionary Party (KPRP—see Appendix B), led by General Secretary Heng Samrin, set Cambodias economic development policies. Party congresses adopted these policies at meetings in January 1979, May 1981, and October 1985. A new Constitution, which the National Assembly approved in June 1981, defined Cambodias new socialist direction and the role of the state in economic affairs.Then, after six more years of struggling with an economy of survival and subsistence, KPRP leaders presented their First Plan, which represented a systematic and rational party effort at centrally planning and improving the economy. New economic policy and system In contrast to Pol Pots radical, doctrinaire approach to economic development, Heng Samrin and the leaders of the Kampuchean (or Khmer) National United Front for National Salvation (KNUFNS—see Appendix B), the umbrella group of anti-Pol Pot forces sponsored by Hanoi, sought to rally public support by formulating a policy that would be pragmatic, realistic, and flexible. In an eleven-point program promulgated shortly before the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, the front articulated the economic guidelines that would mark its tenure in power. These guidelines advocated a gradual transformation to socialism; a planned economy with markets; the restoration of banks, of currency, and of trade; the abolition of forced labor; the introduction of an eight-hour workday; and pay based on work performed. The KPRP socialist economy accepted the private sector.At a May 1980 agriculture conference, Samrin reviewed the effectiveness of the solidarity groups (krom samaki), production units of seven to fifteen families, united in a common endeavor to raise food or to produce goods. These production units had been organized in line with the policy of moving toward socialism. He affirmed that each member of these groups would receive at least one hectare of land to cultivate for communal purposes, plus a private plot not exceeding a quarter of a hectare on which to gr ow vegetables or to graze livestock.Also, a July 1980 planning conference called for a policy of simultaneous development of family (private) economy and national (socialized) economy. The conference also decided that the state should buy agricultural products from the peasants and should sell them manufactured goods at free-market prices. The KPRP further clarified its economic policy at its Fourth Party Congress (its first since taking power in Phnom Penh) from May 26 to May 29, 1981. It declared that the nations economic system had three main parts—the state conomy, the collective economy, and the family economy, and that each of these parts had its own significant role. The state economy covered large-scale agricultural production, all industrial production, the communications and transportation networks, finance, and domestic and foreign trade. To facilitate economic transactions nationwide, the state restored the banking system in November 1979, and it reintroduced currency in March 1980. The KPRP acknowledged that the state economy was small and said that it should be expanded.The party leaders, however, aware of the pitfalls of central planning, w arned against over-expansion and disregard for real needs, production conditions, management ability, and economic capability. The collective economy—the largest of the three elements—was assigned an important role in agricultural rehabilitation and development. It consisted of solidarity groups in agriculture, fishing, forestry, and handicrafts. These groups also assumed the task of collective purchase and sale. The family-run economy included the home economies of the peasants, most retail businesses, individual artisans, handicrafts, repair shops, and small trade.Although the 1981 Constitution stated that the land and other natural resources were state property, it gave the citizens usufruct rights to land allotted for a house and garden by the state. In some cases, agricultural workers were also allowed to borrow an extra plot of land from the state, to produce food on it, and to keep the harvest for their own consumption. Private enterprise also made a modest beginning under Cambodias hybrid economic system. Citizens were allowed to buy and to sell agricultural produce and handicrafts. The law guaranteed workers the right to keep their wages, their other income and their property.Encouraged and protected by the state, hundreds of small shops and factories, each employing a few workers, opened for business in Phnom Penh and in other urban areas. This inchoate private sector played such an important role in the national economic recovery that party leaders urged its official recognition, at the Fifth Congress in October 1985, as a means of mitigating the weaknesses of the state-run economy. Thus, the government added a fourth component—private economy—to the economic system and legitimized it with a constitutional amendment in February 1986. First plan, 1986-90The First Five-Year Program of Socioeconomic Restoration and Development (1986-90), or First Plan, originated in February 1984, when the heads of the state planning commissions of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia met in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) and agreed to coordinate their 1986 to 1990 economic plans. Heng Samrin formally announced Cambodias plan in his political report to the congress. The plan was intended to open a new phase of the Cambodian revolution; it gave highest priority to agricultural production, calling it the first front line, and focused on the four sectors of food, rubber, fishing, and timber.It set production targets for each sector. During the plan period, food production was to increase 7 percent a year to keep up with a targeted 2. 8 percent annual population growth rate, which did not seem to have been reached by 1987. The plan projected that by 1990, rubber farming would expand to 50,000 hectares in order to produce 50,000 tons of latex; timber production would reach 200,000 cubic meters; jute production would increase to 15,000 tons; and fish production would amount to 130,000 tons.As in the past, the plan labeled agriculture and forestry as the real force of the national economy. The plan was less specific for the industrial sector. It did not set industrial production targets, except that for electrical output, which was projected to reach 300 million kilowatt hours per year in 1990. The plan called attention to the need for selective restoration of existing industrial production capabilities and for proposed progressive construction of a small to medium industrial base, which would be more appropriate to the countrys situation.The plan placed increased emphasis on the distribution of goods. Trade organizations were to be perfected at all levels, and socialist trading networks were to be expanded in all localities. In particular, the trade relationship between the state and the peasantry was to be improved and consolidated in accordance with the motto, For the peasantry, selling rice and agricultural products to the state is patriotism; for the state, selling goods and delivering them directly to the people is being responsible to the people. The plan also required that investment be directed toward the impro vement of the infrastructure, particularly toward the reconstruction of communication lines and waterworks. About half the factories operating in 1969 were rice mills, or were otherwise engaged in rice processing. In 1985 the government news agency (Sarpodamean Kampuchea) announced that fifty-six factories had been renovated and had been put back into operation. In the capital itself, about half of Phnom Penhs prewar plants had reopened by 1985. Most industries were producing at far below capacity because of frequent power cuts, shortages of spare parts and of raw materials, and the lack of both skilled workers and experienced managers.Industrial revival continued to be difficult and extremely slow because it was based mainly on the use of limited local resources. National Programme to Rehabilitate and Develop Cambodia, February 1994 In the course of economic development, industrialized countries have taken many twists and turns. It would be tempting to characterize development as merely path-dependent, historical or unique for all countries. But this simply isnt the whole story. To be sure, there are innumerable differences in how countries industrializejust as there are similarities. For Cambodia, this will not be different.With the exception of OPEC countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Brunei, etc. ), the role of natural resources has paled in comparison to labor, capital and technology, because most countries are simply not natural resource gold mines. The industrialized countries of the world have undergone transformations which have taken them from agricultural to industrial economies. And from there, it would seem, the move to services has already taken place for the United States. This is not to say, however, that America is no longer agricultural (one need only look at Kansas and Nebraska). 10] Forward, backward, and final linkages are indubitably important since the agricultural, industrial, and services sectors all contribute to one another. [11] This chapter intends to draw a brief outline from the theoretical works of a number of development economists in order to set the foundation for the application of these theories to the case of Cambodia in both the past and the present context (see chapters 3 and 4). The Agricultural Context We begin our analysis with an evolutionary model of the path of agricultures contribution to economic growth by presenting Peter C.Timmers The Agricultural Transformation (1988). Timmers conceptual framework integrates four economic environments from Moshers to D. G. Johnsons. The four phases in the agricultural transformation call for different policy approaches. In the earliest stage of development the concern must be for `getting agriculture moving, to use Arthur Moshers vivid phrase [Mosher (1966)]. [12] In the Mosher environment, a country begins to develop by investing heavily into agriculture, a process colloquially called priming the pump. Today, Cambodia may actually be back to the Mosher phase once more (when priming the pump of agriculture takes place). There are few precedents for this, and fewer instances still of successful development (this late in the game). Therefore, the main analytic emphasis will be placed on the past because things were then less complicated or mired for Cambodia. Were there to have been no starvation, war, or revolution in Cambodia during the 1970s, the bulk of this paper would have likely focused its attention on these years instead. The theories of economic growth xamined next all relate to an economy past the Mosher environment (beyond the green revolution). The implications for which include the possibility for industrialization and rapid economic growth. Three Growth Theories Theories of economic growth abound. [15] Modern theories have divided themselves into three types, stressing one of three factors: (1) civil institutions, (2) the State, (3) the market. This thesis examines three cornerstone economic models that have wide-ranging implications for the market and the State, and to a lesser extent for civil institutions.They are the Harrod-Domar, the Solow growth, and the Dual Sector Economy models (which includes classical and neoclassical components). Although the mechanics will be stressed, it is the economic and policy implications that will be central to our analysis of Cambodias economy, past and present. There were a series of three major Irish bank strikes between 1966 and 1976 in all totalling about a year affecting most of the retail banking sector. Surprisingly these had very little effect on the growth of the economy. However the boom did not last for long.Industrial relations disputes, inflation from the oil crises of 1973 and 1979, overspill from the Troubles in Northern Ireland, new capital taxes and poor management of the economy by the government took their toll in the 1970s. By the 1980s Ireland was referred to as the sick man of Europe [1][dead link] and was far behind its European rivals frequent changes in government compounded the situation. The government, often led by the now disgraced Charles Haughey, presided over a decade of high emigration, unemployment (about 18% for much of the decade) and economic mismanagement.At one point the International Monetary Fund considered imposing strict economic measures. [edit] 1980s The 1980s in the Republic of Ireland was one of the states bleakest times. An extremely irresponsible budget by the majority Fianna Fail government in 1977, which included abolition of car tax and borrowing to fund current spending, combined with some global economic problems to ruin the Irish economy for most of the 1980s, causing high unemployment and mass emigration.The Charles Haughey and Garret FitzGerald governments made this bad situation much worse with more massive borrowing and tax rates as high as 60% (with one Fine Gael finance minister suggesting people were not being taxed enough). After joining the ERM in 1979, Ireland was also saddled for much of the 1980s with an overvalued currency, which wasnt rectified until the 1986 devaluation. Much of the capital borrowed in the 1980s went towards propping up this overvalued currency. Foreign investment, in the form of risk capital, was discouraged by all the evident difficulties.This was also an era of political instability and extreme political corruption, with power alternating between Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, with some governments not even lasting a year, and in one case, three elections in eighteen months. The problems were eventually dealt with starting in 1987 under a minority Fianna Fail government but with help from the opposition led by Alan Dukes of Fine Gael under what was known as the Tallaght Strategy, with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, more competition and a reduction in borrowing to fund current spending.This policy was largely continued by succeeding governments. Considerable support from the European Union was the only positive aspect. [edit] Celtic Tiger (1990s-2007) In the 1990s, the Republics economy began the Celtic Tiger phase. High FDI rate, a low corporate tax rate, better economic management and a new social partnership approach to industrial relations together transformed the Irish economy. The European Union had contributed over â‚ ¬10 billion into infrastructure. By 2000 the Republic had become one of the worlds wealthiest nations, unemployment was at 4% and income tax was almost half 1980s levels. During this time, the Irish economy grew by five to six percent annually, dramatically raising Irish monetary incomes to equal and eventually surpass those of many states in the rest of Western Europe. [edit] Recent economic circumstances Over the past decade, the Irish government has implemented a series of national economic programmes designed to curb inflation, ease tax burdens, reduce government spending as a percentage of GDP, increase labour force skills, and reward foreign investment. The Republic joined in launching the euro currency system in January 1999 along with eleven other European Union nations.The economy felt the impact of the global post-Dot Com economic slowdown in 2001, particularly in the high-tech export sector – the growth rate in that area was cut by nearly half. GDP growth continued to be relatively robust, with a rate of about 6% in 2001 and 2002 – but this was expected to fall to around 2% in 2003. Since 2001, GNP growth has been much worse, with an almost threefold decrease in 2001 from the previous year. After a near stagnant year in 2002, growth started to pick up once again in 2003. [6] By 2005, growth rates had increased to around 5%.During 2007, Irelands economic progress was however again affected by a wider global economic slow-down, with the construction sector being particularly affected. During the Summer of 2007, Irish residential property prices fell by over 2% and subsequently continued to fall by approximately 1% per month, leaving property prices down 9% by February 2008. This has impacted consumer spending and investment confidence across the Irish economy generally. In July 2008, a predicted Euro 3bn shortfall in 2008 annual government revenues